Today DutchPete, one of the most avid commenters on this blog, will help us fill the gap in software reviews for Windows by talking about OneNote as a Zettelkasten note archive. OneNote is part of the Microsoft Office family and thus available for a lot of different platforms, too, so this is not strictly speaking a PC-centered review. Now let’s see which conventions and techniques make DutchPete productive.

Early this year I decided to change my default note-taking app from Evernote to OneNote 2013. Much to my surprise OneNote surpassed my expectations, so a next step I wanted to take was to give OneNote a try as a Zettelkasten app too.

I will discuss the subjects shown below. There will be some Aside comments which are not specific to OneNote but relate to an aspect of the Zettelkasten. I have also expressed my own views and preferences in this review.

The Template

My starting point was to design a standard layout for the notes that I would be storing in it, bearing in mind that those notes only relate to literature I read, be that a book or online philosophical material. So a note about a telephone conversation or about internet security or any other such like will not go into my Zettelkasten. A standard layout, a template, shows the essential info that needs to be collected, and it allows easier reading afterwards.

Types of Notes

Having used my Zettelkasten for more than a year, and having followed/been involved in various discussions about the Zettelkasten, I have come to the conclusion that Zettel & Folgezettel (i.e. a sequence of a Parent note and Child notes) works well for me. I have therefore incorporated that in my template.

Christian gave a good & simple presentation in one of his recent post about the relationship:

Note 1 is Parent to 1a, note 1a is Parent to 1a1. That means note 1a is both Child and Parent.

Types of Links

I distinguish three types of links in my notebook:

• Blue links: These are the hyperlinks to external references, sources and the like, such as Wikipedia. These links are outward links, i.e. a link from the note we are working on or looking at to another note. The name of the link consists of contextual text (flowing with the “story of the note).

• Green Links: These are internal links, which connect a note with another one, or a note with a note in a non-Zettelkasten notebook. These are also outward links. The name of the link consists of contextual text (flowing with the "story of the note) as well as the number of the note it refers to.

• Backlinks: These are links that point from a note (A) to note (B), with the latter being the one that we are working on or looking at. The links from A are not visible as such in B. But A does show a link to note B. So when we call up B (by searching for its number), A will also appear in the list since it has B’s number in its link.

Details of the Template

After some experimenting & fine-tuning this is what I found works best for me. I have tried to make each section and its components as self-explanatory as possible so I don’t have to search/think each time what certain things mean or how I did it in the previous notes.

On top of the note are:

• The note number: # indicates the unique note number. For more details see section 2. Organisation.

• Title: The Title is anything I want, but it should describe in one word or a pithy phrase what the note is about.¹

Then follows a table with the details of the main note body. That template is subdivided into 2 sections: Data and Metadata.

Note I have marked certain words with an asterisk. These are search terms. They are my "invented” unique words that can be used in addition to the normal full-text word search.

Template Section “Data”

First, let me discuss the rows of the “Data” section.

• Quote: When I read something I can take a literal quote from the text without amending it. If I want to add an interpretation or annotation I put that in the space below, called “Issue”. If I fill the space with a quote I leave the word “yesquote”, so that if I want to find all my notes with a quote (most notes do not have a quote) I search for “yesquote”. If I do not fill that space I delete the word yesquote from that space. This applies to “yesimage” and “yesremark” too.²

• Issue: Here I put my thoughts about a quote or, if I don’t have a quote, any other notes about the piece I just finished reading

• Note sequence/(Folge)zettel/Follow-on’s: See remarks from above. Bear in mind a note can be a parent, a child, or both. Internal links are in green.

Template Section “Metadata”

Next, the rows from the “Metadata” section: “Keywords”, “Outward Links”, “Author(s)”, “Source” and “Remarks/Footnotes”.

Keywords

I found that keywords which start with # (e.g. #personality) are not treated as 1 word by OneNote. So when I would search for #personality it would return individual # occurrences too.

Leaving a keyword as is (e.g. personality without any other marker) would also return other, irrelevant instances. So I chose to put a “k” in front of my keywords (e.g. kpersonality). All my keywords are thus unique enough that a search really only returns the Zettelkasten notes marked with the keyword I am looking for.

I keep an Excel list (a green link in the template for the sake of convenience) of keywords (without the “k” in front) and for each keyword I have as many synonyms as possible. Excel allows you to find duplicates, on the basis of which I can decide if certain keywords can be eliminated, or, if I consider creating a new keyword, whether there is a real need for it or if an existing one suffices. In the latter case I will always choose the existing keyword.

Aside: Sascha’s approach is “I write as many keywords as I can come up with” in order to increase the chance of serendipity. I don’t subscribe to this strategy because in an uncontrolled & growing pile of keywords a search for notes with a particular keyword returns too few notes because many fewer notes carry the particular keyword searched for.³

On the other hand, if you have a relatively limited collection of keywords, more notes will be assigned to each keyword, thus increasing the chance of a search returning a collection of unexpected notes with a higher chance for a serendipitous discovery.

So, contrary to Sascha’s premise that a plethora of keywords increases serendipity, it actually reduces the chance for a serendipitous discovery, for the reasons outlined above. I do agree with Sascha, however, that serendipity is the main idea behind the Zettelkasten.

Outward links

If I cannot link the note I just created to another one, the qualifier “nolinks” stays & “nolinks” is a search term to find similar notes. On the other hand, if I do link my note to (an)other(s) I delete the “nolinks” qualifier.⁴

This also applies to the rows “Author(s)”, “Source” and “Remarks/Footnotes”. Their contents are simply based on references.

Organisation

Numbering

As indicated above, my primary method for organising my notes consists of a simple numbering system.

I do not have a sophisticated system for this; I started at no. 1 and will continue numbering till “infinity”.

Aside: I do not believe Christian’s ID system of yyyymmddhhmm provides more added value because humans tend to remember the date or time of year we did something very well, as Noguchi suggested. A long time after creating a note one does not remember what date it was created, never mind the hour. However, I do agree with Christian’s premise that each note number needs to be unique, otherwise when one searches amongst the Zettel for a number that is not unique, there will be a lot of noise, pollution if you like, which makes it difficult to fish out the Zettel one is looking for, and it wastes a lot of time unnecessarily. In my system, therefore, I put an n in front of each number in the title; links in the text are also accompanied by a similar number, though I show those as superscripts so as not distract from the flow of the text. So, for example, when I search for Zettel n268, OneNote finds the actual note, as well as those pointing to n268 - see screenshot below.

My number sequence goes from n1 to n2, n3, …

However, if one wishes to use Christian’s numbering format, that of course is perfectly possible and fine in OneNote.

Time

I take the time dimension into account in different ways.

The time dimension that I feel offers some added value in terms of identification is grouping together notes created in the same year in a OneNote section of the Zettelkasten notebook. The title of each section is the year plus, between brackets, the numbers created during that year. The screenshot below shows that I created notes 1–204 in the year 2014.

The screenshot above also shows a small part of the note I created to write this review. Each note has “create date” immediately below the title (in this case 04 November 2015), which is added automatically for each new note; that “create date” can be modified manually. So if one remembers in some more detail about when/what period a note was created, it is possible to search on that basis. But making that date part of the note’s number identifier only acts as a distraction, in my opinion.

Hierarchy

From the preceding dimensions of organisation above it can be deducted that I only use 2 slight degrees of hierarchy:

• time-bound, which in reality is done more from a point of view of “in case I would need that for the odd occasion.”

• Parent-Child notes (Zettel/Folgezettel), which are an essential part of my Zettelkasten. This is my personal preference, OneNote does not impose it

Advantages of using OneNote

Text editor

Formatting

Text typed in OneNote can be formatted very easily and in many ways is similar to what is possible in Word. Word of course has many more possibilities.

Intra-note outlining

One very useful feature in OneNote is the possibility to create an outline of sections/chapters within a note.

I find this to be an essential tool that can be used when creating a rather long Zettel or creating a paper/essay/… about a subject based on a number of Zettel. It allows one to set up a structure, of which the parts that one is not currently working on can be collapsed, as the screenshot below shows. The screenshot shows that the Introduction and chapter 1 are collapsed to focus on chapter 2. Those 2 collapsed chapters can be expanded easily by double-clicking on the + on the left.

Tables

When adding attachments, photos, sketches, … to a note I find that the best way to organise that when one needs on a single page is to use a table. OneNote offers any combination of numbers of rows and columns. It is even possible to use tables within tables. I use tables extensively.⁵

Multiple Entrance Points

Using the keywords one can dive in anywhere in the Zettelkasten database. This is also possible if one has a certain note sequence in mind: find it & follow the path of Parent & Child notes. Note sequences make excellent stories on their own or can be part of a bigger story. In any case, the bigger one’s Zettelkasten becomes, the more useful note sequences are as they keep you more focused, rather than following links from one note to another without having a clear idea of where one is going.

Interaction with other OneNote notebooks

Since OneNote has become my go-to app for all my information, I appreciate the possibility to be able to make links to some of my other notebooks. For example, I have a note listing words that are new for me and that I want to make part of my regular vocabulary. So when creating a new note and I copy text from something I have read which contains a word in that list, I create a link to the list.

Interaction with other Office apps

Being part of the Microsoft Office suite OneNote interacts and integrates seamlessly with the other Office apps. In my use case integration with Word and Excel are particularly important.

Atomicity

The normal way to ensure atomicity is to keep notes short, which makes it easier to link to specific small bits of info and expands the network connecting the notes.

OneNote is actually designed for long notes, which in the case of the Zettelkasten runs counter to the principle of atomicity. However, OneNote has a very interesting feature: the ability to link to a paragraph within a note. This means that, irrespective of the length of the notes, atomicity is ensured if one makes full use of the aforementioned feature. In fact, the length of the note even becomes irrelevant, so when one is inputting info into OneNote one does not have to consider whether one is in the Zettelkasten and therefore keep atomicity in mind, or one is in another environment and does not have to worry about atomicity.

This is a big advantage, made possible by linking to specific paragraphs in notes.

Disadvantages of using OneNote

Altering Keywords

Real tags (those that are part of the metadata of a note, not inline as in OneNote) are independent of notes. So calling up the amended tag will yield the same list of notes as before the amendment.

OneNote does have tags (as semi-metadata that they are visible but are put in the note’s margin) but they are awkward. Changing the text associated with the tag doesn’t change the tags that you’ve already “used”. With real tags, if you change the name of a tag, it instantly updates everywhere. So, if I tag some notes in OneNote, e.g with the tag “project_philosopher” and the name of the project changes, I have to change the text in the tag itself (e.g. “project_germany”) and then go find the notes with the old project tag and manually update them with the new project tag.

No card view and/or inter-note outlining

When one wants to compile a piece of writing on the basis of Zettel it may be useful to be able to put on a virtual desktop & manipulate their position so as to eventually create a good story. Unfortunately OneNote does not have this feature. As a workaround it is possible to select the collection of notes one is interested in, and copy/paste them into 1 Word document, which makes it possible to contemplate them together as 1.

No plaintext mode

Some people prefer plaintext over rich text format. OneNote does not offer plaintext. Prior to my switch to OneNote I tried a number of plaintext apps, mostly wikis, because I thought that plaintext offers the best, “unbiased” form of note-taking. In addition, I thought it was best for portability i.e. being able to move those notes to another app easily if and when circumstances dictated that.

Well, I never got used to plaintext and consequently do not enjoy taking notes that way. And as for portability, OneNote allows export of notes as Word documents, PDF files or MHT files. These 3 possibilities are enough for my needs.

OneNote does have one wiki feature: the ability to create a linked new note by typing the title of the new note between double square brackets within an existing note. So any word or phrase between double square brackets becomes a link to a note with that specific title.

Conclusions

The ease of use, the intuitiveness, the versatility and richness of features mean that OneNote is a good tool to use as a Zettelkasten for those who do not insist on a plaintext or wiki app. Other drawbacks/disadvantages are minor and/or can be overcome, and in any case are far outweighed by the advantages.